Teachers, Teaching, and Teacher Education in the Public Sphere: A Review of Their Role in Strengthening Democracy

Abstract

Education is fundamental to sustaining democratic values and fostering active citizenship within the public sphere. Teachers, as frontline practitioners, and teacher education programs, as essential preparation sites, bear a critical responsibility in cultivating democratic attitudes, skills, and practices. This review explores research trajectories on the role of teachers and teacher education in strengthening democracy, highlighting how educators serve as agents of change, mediators of democratic dialogue, and facilitators of inclusive participation in classrooms and communities. It examines how teacher training can develop democratic dispositions, equip teachers with critical pedagogical approaches, and address social inequality and political polarization. While the theoretical foundations are strong, pedagogical methods reflecting democratic educational principles are not fully understood. This qualitative literature review analyzes techniques used by democratic educators, focusing on inquiry-based, artistic, oral, and student-centered approaches to promote democratic practices. Teachers must consider socio-economic and cultural factors to design effective, engaging learning strategies. The review also discusses beginning teacher preparation, proposing modifications to traditional structures and advocating for partnerships between schools and universities to integrate practice and theory. Schools and classrooms are conceptualized as democratic public arenas where participants pursue understanding for equity and the common good. Collaboration and the public domain are vital aspects of innovative educational practices, fostering democratic principles and civic engagement.