The Concept of Equality and Inequality in Islam: A Comprehensive Study of the Political Representation and Social Justice of Pasmanda Muslims in Western Uttar Pradesh (2014–2024)

Abstract

This research presents a comprehensive study of the socio-economic status, political representation, and access to social justice of Pasmanda Muslims engaged in traditional caste-based occupations across ten districts of Western Uttar Pradesh—Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Amroha, Bijnor, Shamli, Baghpat, Bulandshahr, Aligarh, and Moradabad. The study focuses on ten Pasmanda communities: Ansari, Manihar, Kunjra, Kasai, Nat, Dhobi, Teli, Rangrez, Halalkhor, and Chik. Contrary to Islam’s foundational teachings of equality and brotherhood, caste-based discrimination and hierarchical structures persist among Indian Muslims. Based on a sample of 200 respondents, the study found that 52% of families have a monthly income between Rs. 5,000-10,000, 30% are illiterate, 69% have experienced caste-based discrimination, and 86% believe that political parties prioritize higher-caste Muslims (Ashrafs). The Nat community is the most deprived—60% live in kutcha houses, 80% lack toilets, and 100% have no access to schools or healthcare facilities. Despite government schemes during 2014-2024, only 32% have benefited and 64% are unaware of reservation policies. The study highlights the intersectional impact of caste, religion, and socio-economic status, emphasizing the urgent need for policy interventions, community organization, and social awareness. The findings reveal that the marginalization of Pasmanda Muslims is structural and systemic, requiring constitutional reforms, educational reservations, economic empowerment, and enhanced political representation to address their multi-dimensional deprivation.